- Millions of years before the age of dinosaurs...
在恐龙时代之前数百万年 - our planet was ruled by equally magnificent beasts.
我们的星球被同样神奇的巨兽统治着 - Two great dynasties had emerged
两个伟大的王朝已经崛起 - and were vying for domination.
并在争夺统治权 - This is the story of the battle to conquer land...
本集将讲述陆地征服之战 - ...and how it changed everything for life on our planet.
以及它如何彻底改变地球上的一切 - For most of our planet's history,
在我们星球的大部分历史中 - land has been inhospitable to life.
陆地都不适于生命居住 - A bleak and desolate realm...
一片荒芜 - more like the surface of the moon...
更像是月球表面 - than like Earth today.
而不像今天的地球 - It's hard to imagine
很难想象 - how anything could ever make this hostile place its home.
任何生命 会在如此充满敌意的地方定居 - But from beneath the waves,
但是在海浪之下 - where life had thrived for more than a billion years,
生命已在这里繁荣超过10亿年 - one curious life-form was among the first to rise to the challenge.
有一种好奇的生物率先发出挑战 - Lichen may not look remarkable,
地衣看似不起眼 - but they are in fact completely unique.
但它们其实独一无二 - A pioneering partnership.
这是一种开创性的合作关系 - Neither plant nor animal,
地衣既不是植物 也不是动物 - lichen are a strange combination of fungi and algae...
而是真菌和藻类的奇怪组合 - that only together
只有在一起 - had what it took to overcome the extreme hostility of barren Earth.
才能克服贫瘠地球的极度险恶 - But they were more than just pioneering.
但它们不仅具有开创性 - They were groundbreaking.
还具有开地性 - As they spread...
随着它们的传播 - ...their tiny filaments helped to break down rock
它们的细丝帮助将岩石分解 - and produce the first ever soil...
产生了史上第一块土壤 - paving the way for plants to take over.
为植物的到来铺平道路 - Micro plants, like moss, were first to appear.
苔藓这样的微型植物率先出现 - With leaves only one cell thick,
叶子只有一层细胞 - they couldn't grow upwards,
它们无法向上生长 - but could spread out.
但可以蔓延开来 - Reproducing faster than lichen,
它们的繁殖速度比地衣快 - they soon carpeted the land,
很快就铺满陆地 - which they ruled undisturbed for the next 40 million years.
在之后的4000万年 不受滋扰地统治着陆地 - But a green revolution was coming...
但是一场绿色革命即将到来 - that would change the landscape forever.
将永远改变陆地的样貌 - Key was the evolution of a new compound,
其关键是一种新化合物的进化 - lignin.
木质素 - Lignin strengthened the plants' cell walls...
木质素加强了植物的细胞壁 - allowing them to grow bigger and stronger than ever before.
使植物能够生长得比以往任何时候 都更大、更强壮 - No longer confined to carpeting the land,
不再局限于覆盖地面 - plants began to battle for the real estate above,
植物开始争夺向上的空间 - fighting for access to light.
以获取阳光 - Eventually, some plants grew so tall,
最终有一些植物长得非常高 - they towered above the world around them.
从周围的世界中高耸出来 - Today's redwoods are nature's skyscrapers.
今天的红杉是大自然的摩天大厦 - Reaching heights of more than a hundred meters,
高度超过100米 - they are the tallest living things to have ever existed.
是史上最高的生物 - But redwoods are just one of more than 400,000 species of plant,
但是红杉只是40万植物物种中的一个 - the most visible signs of life on our planet.
植物 是我们星球上的生命最鲜明的标志 - Back in Earth's distant past,
在地球遥远的过去 - the arrival of plants
植物的到来 - created new habitats for the next invaders from the sea.
为来自海洋的下一批入侵者 创造了新的栖息地 - The first animals to ever set foot on land were the arthropods.
率先踏上陆地的动物是节肢动物 - Relatives of the trilobites,
它们是三叶虫的亲戚 - their hard exoskeletons had served as useful armor underwater.
坚硬的外骨骼在水下是有用的护甲 - On land, that armor supported them
在陆地上 这护甲支撑着它们 - and prevented them from drying out.
并防止水分流失 - They could also breathe through this tough exterior.
它们也可以通过这坚硬的外壳呼吸 - And with oxygen levels 60% higher than they are today,
当时的氧气水平比今天高60% - some grew to be giants.
有一些节肢动物长得异常巨大 - Arthropleura,
节胸蜈蚣 - the largest millipede to ever walk the Earth.
地球历史上最大的千足虫 - At over two and a half meters long and a half meter wide,
长度超过2.5米 宽度超过半米 - he has no natural enemies...
没有天敌 - ...so can focus all his energy on finding a mate.
所以可以把全部精力放在觅偶上 - But for Arthropleura,
但是对节胸蜈蚣来说 - the pursuit of the perfect partner is not straightforward.
寻找一位完美的伴侣并不简单 - For he's virtually blind...
因为它看不见 - ...and his world extends only as far as he can sense.
它的世界仅限于它能感知的范围 - The fern forest is vast,
蕨类森林广袤无边 - and a female could be anywhere.
雌性节胸蜈蚣不知在何处 - But his search isn't as hopeless as it might seem.
但它的搜寻并不是那么毫无希望 - Females ready to mate leave scent trails
准备交♥配♥的雌性会留下气味痕迹 - for males to follow.
供雄性追踪 - A lifeline in the darkness.
这是黑暗中的一线生机 - And yet, sensing where she once was
然而感知雌性曾去过哪里 - is not the same as sensing where she is.
不同于感知雌性现在在哪里 - Finally, his chance to charm can begin.
它施展魅力的机会终于到来 - By rubbing together parts of his shell, he creates his own unique love song.
通过自身甲壳间的摩擦 它唱出了独一无二的情歌♥ - Mating on land can be an awkward affair.
在陆地上交♥配♥有时是一件尴尬的事 - Success requires the perfect alignment.
交♥配♥成功需要完美的配合 - So it's important at this critical stage
所以在这关键的时刻 - not to put a foot wrong.
不容踏错半步 - 345 million years later,
3.45亿年之后 - and in today's forests,
在今天的森林中 - the arthropod art of seduction has come a long way.
节肢动物的求爱艺术有了长足发展 - Especially for some of the less armored members of the group.
对于一些护甲较少的节肢动物 尤其如此 - Unlike the ancient Arthropleura,
与古代节胸蜈蚣不同 - male jumping spiders have superb vision
雄性跳蛛视力超常 - and are no larger than a grain of rice.
而且只有一粒米那么大 - But what they lack in stature...
体型上的不足 - they make up for in style.
它们在风格上弥补 - Each species has its own signature dance move
每个物种都有自己独特的舞蹈动作 - to attract female attention.
来吸引雌性的注意 - The peacock.
孔雀开屏 - The side shuffle.
侧身摇摆 - The disco dancer.
迪斯科舞步 - And the feather shake.
还有摇动羽毛 - While the males evolved colorful costumes and intricate dance moves...
雄性进化出了 多彩的服装和精美的舞步 - females developed impeccable taste.
雌性则进化出了挑剔的品味 - His side shuffle has caught her attention.
它的侧身摇摆吸引了雌性的注意 - But has he got the moves she's looking for?
但它是否有对方所钟情的舞姿呢？ - Only the very best will do.
只有最好的才行 - Waving her abdomen signals she's not impressed.
雌性摇动腹部 表示自己并不满意 - He needs to be careful,
它需要小心 - for fussy females sometimes eat their suitors.
因为挑剔的雌性有时会吃掉求爱者 - Still...
尽管如此 - ...it's worth one more try.
再努力一把也是值得的 - Clearly, he's not getting the message.
它显然还在自作多情 - He may be unlucky in love,
它在爱情方面也许不太幸运 - but his arthropod dynasty has had better luck.
但它的节肢动物王朝却运气不错 - They now make up over 80% of all animal species.
节肢动物 如今已占据所有动物物种的80%以上 - The secret to arthropod success
节肢动物成功的秘诀 - lies in their simple segmented body plan...
在于其简单的分节结构 - ...which has evolved in countless different directions.
这种结构向无数不同方向进化 - Some have ears in their legs.
有的在腿上有眼睛 - Others, eyes on stalks.
有的眼睛长在杆子上 - And armor plating for battle.
还有后备护甲板 - Variation after variation,
不断变异 - arthropods are evolution
节肢动物的进化 - run wild.
放纵不羁 - Including the greatest runner of them all,
包括其中最出色的奔跑者 - the tiger beetle.
虎甲 - Its design has been fine-tuned over millions of years.
它的设计经过了数百万年的精心调整 - The latest model is built for speed.
最新版本为速度而生 - For its size, it is one of the fastest sprinters on Earth.
就其体积而言 它是地球上最快的短跑运动员之一 - If scaled up to human proportions,
如果按照人类的比例放大 - it would run
它的奔跑速度 - at over 1,000 kilometers per hour.
超过每小时1000公里 - But there is one drawback to life in the fast lane.
但是快车道上的生活也有一个缺点 - His brain can't keep up.
它的大脑跟不上 - He must frequently stop to get his bearings
在追逐猎物的过程中 - while hunting down his next victim.
它必须经常停下来确认方向 - But his frantic search for food can lead him into dangerous territory...
但它对食物的疯狂搜寻 也可能让它陷入危险境地 - because sometimes the hunter can also be the hunted.
因为有时候猎手也会成为猎物 - Fast and furious is not this trapdoor spider's style.
速度与激♥情♥不是这种活板门蛛的风格 - She prefers to wait for prey to come to her.
它更喜欢等待猎物靠近 - In the battle of the arthropods,
在节肢动物的争斗中 - flight would often make the difference between life and death.
飞行往往能决定生死 - More than 300 million years ago,
3亿多年前 - one group of arthropods
一群节肢动物 - were the first creatures to take to the skies.
成为率先上天的生物 - And the evolution of wings
翅膀的进化 - would eventually launch them to global success.
最终将使它们在全球范围内取得成功 - The insects.
昆虫 - Today, for every human on the planet,
今天地球上的昆虫 - there are more than a billion insects.
超过人类数量的10亿倍 - They are the most abundant group of animals on Earth.
它们是地球上数量最多的动物 - Despite their current success,
尽管它们如今非常成功 - the ultimate flying insects first appeared back in the ancient swamps.
最终能够飞行的昆虫 最早出现在古代沼泽中 - Dragonflies.
蜻蜓 - Their flight is as close to perfect as it gets.
它们的飞行几乎堪称完美 - Four flexible wings,
四片灵活的翅膀 - independently controlled,
可以独♥立♥控制 - give them unparalleled mobility.
使它们拥有无与伦比的机动性 - They can fly in any direction,
它们可以朝任何方向飞行 - pull off the tightest turns...
完成最急的转弯 - and accelerate faster than a fighter jet.
加速比战斗机更快 - A winning design
如此成功的设计 - that has remained almost the same for hundreds of millions of years.
已经保持了数亿年 几乎不变 - And yet, living in the same prehistoric swamps,
然而在同一片史前沼泽之中 - another group of animals were undergoing their own radical change.
另一群动物正在经历巨变 - Beneath the surface,
在水面下方 - vertebrates had continued to evolve...
脊椎动物继续进化 - and a new type of fish was thriving,
一种新型鱼类蓬勃发展 - the lobe-finned fish.
叶鳍鱼 - Some grew to be monstrous predators.
有一些长成了巨大而可怕的捕食者 - In this fish-eat-fish world,
在这个鱼吃鱼的世界 - it pays to be big.
大就是好 - For the smaller ones, there's refuge in the shallows...
较小的鱼 可以在浅海寻求庇护 - where their unique lobed fins are a distinct advantage.
在那里 它们独特的叶鳍是一种明显的优势 - Muscular and highly versatile,
它们肌肉发达且随机应变 - they are different to those of other fish.
叶鳍与其他鱼的鳍不同 - Not only do they help them swim...
不仅有助于游泳 - but they're strong enough to support their body weight...
而且足够强壮 能够支撑它们的体重 - and help them crawl out of the water.
帮助它们从水中爬出 - But these fish also have another game-changing adaptation...
但这些鱼 还有另一种极为重要的适应性 - the ability to breathe air.
呼吸空气的能力 - Not through gills but through primitive lungs.
不是通过腮 而是通过原始的肺呼吸 - Together, these evolutionary advances
这些进化一起作用 - allowed vertebrates to leave the water and explore the land.
使脊椎动物能够离开水体并探索陆地 - The race was on to colonize this new world.
争夺新世界的竞赛已经开始 - But it was already too late
但对于这些叶鳍鱼来说 - for these lobe-finned fish.
已经太晚了 - Others had made this transition before them.
其他动物先它们一步完成了这种转变 - Like the three-meter-long Anthracosaurus...
比如三米长的石炭鲵 - ...that had already found its feet.
已经长出腿来 - The evolution from fin to limb took millions of years.
从鳍到肢的进化用了数百万年 - But once completed,
但一旦完成 - life on land would never be the same again.
陆地上的生活将永远改变 - The age of amphibians
两栖动物的时代 - had begun.
已经开始 - Today, there are more than 8,000 species of amphibian.
今天有超过8000个两栖动物物种 - A peculiar but diverse group...
这是一个奇怪却多样的种群 - ...of newts,
有蝾螈 - frogs,
青蛙 - salamanders,
火蝾螈 - and toads.
还有蟾蜍 - Not quite the giants they once were,
虽不再是曾经的巨兽 - but still successful hunters...
但仍然是成功的猎手 - ...with their own killer style.
拥有独特的杀手风格 - Hundreds of millions of years after Anthracosaurus,
石炭鲵出现之后几亿年 - swamplands remain a stronghold for amphibians.
沼泽仍然是两栖动物的根据地 - Here in Europe's Danube delta,
在欧洲的多瑙河三角洲 - marsh frogs live in their thousands
湖侧褶蛙成千上万 - and have become expert insect hunters...
已经成为专业的昆虫猎手 - with a particular taste for dragonflies.
尤其喜欢捕食蜻蜓 - Thanks to their wraparound vision,
蜻蜓有全方位视觉 - catching one isn't easy.
要抓住它可不容易 - But marsh frogs have evolved some quirky adaptations of their own.
但是湖侧褶蛙也进化出了 一些奇特的适应性 - Webbed feet help them get airborne.
蹼有助于腾空 - And a projectile tongue gives them extraordinary reach.
弹射式的舌头 使它们拥有了超长的射程 - Even so,
即便如此 - dragonflies in flight can be just too hard to catch.
飞行中的蜻蜓仍然很难捕获 - Waiting for the aerial acrobats to land might make things easier.
等待这些空中杂技演员降落 可能会降低抓捕难度 - Time to take a different approach.
是时候换一种方法了 - A female laying eggs in the water.
一只雌性蜻蜓在水上产卵 - Half-submerged,
半浸在水中 - she should be an easier target.
它应该是一个比较容易对付的目标 - The dragonflies are just too fast.
但蜻蜓实在太快了 - And they can barrel-roll.
还会翻滚动作 - Missed again.
又没抓住 - But frogs are nothing if not persistent.
但青蛙生性坚持不懈 - Despite the low hit rate,
虽然命中率低 - amphibians have survived for over 350 million years.
但两栖动物已在地球上生存 超过3.5亿年 - And yet, they never conquered every environment the planet had to offer...
然而它们并未征服 地球上的每一种环境 - because there's something all amphibians need to raise their young.
因为所有两栖动物养育后代 都需要一样东西 - Water.
水 - This is the strawberry dart frog of Costa Rica.
这是哥斯达黎加的草莓箭毒蛙 - Her tadpoles are in mortal danger.
它的蝌蚪危在旦夕 - Their tiny puddle, almost dry.
小水洼几乎快要干涸 - Their only means of escape
唯一的逃生方法 - is on their mother's back.
就是爬到母亲的背上 - The hard part is finding water.
难点在于找到水 - Luckily...
幸运的是 - ...she knows exactly where to go.
它知道该去哪里 - Twenty meters above her,
在它上方20米处 - a bromeliad collects rainwater.
一株凤梨科植物蓄集雨水 - The perfect pool for her precious tadpole.
对它珍贵的蝌蚪来说 是完美的池塘 - But first, she must get there...
但是它首先必须上去 - one hop at a time.
一次跳一步 - Barely the size of a human thumbnail,
它仅有人类指甲般大小 - this is her own personal Everest.
这对它来说是珠穆朗玛峰 - Safe at last.
终于安全了 - No matter what great heights amphibians reached in their conquest of land...
不论两栖动物 在征服陆地的过程中达到如何的高度 - they never escaped their tie to water...
它们永远无法摆脱与水的联♥系♥ - a tie that would be their undoing when conditions on Earth...
当地球上的环境剧变时 - radically changed.
这种联♥系♥将使它们毁灭 - During the period known as the Carboniferous,
在石炭纪 - Earth's great land masses merged,
地球各大♥陆♥合为一体 - and the supercontinent of Pangaea was born.
超级大♥陆♥“盘♥古♥大♥陆♥”诞生 - As the land dried,
随着陆地变干 - the vast swamps began to disappear.
广阔的沼泽开始消失 - Lacking water, most amphibians struggled.
由于缺水 多数两栖动物苦苦挣扎 - But not all.
但并非全部如此 - One evolved a revolutionary adaptation
有一种两栖动物 进化出了一种革命性的适应性 - that enabled it to thrive.
使其繁荣发展 - Its egg developed a protective shell
它的卵进化出了一层保护性外壳 - that held the embryo in its own private pool of fluid.
将胚胎保护在“私家泳池”之中 - Inside, the young could develop safely without drying out.
幼崽在其中能够安全地发育 而不会干涸 - The tie to water
由于蛋的进化 - was finally broken by the evolution of this amniotic egg.
与水的联♥系♥终于被断开 - Known as the amniotes,
这些羊膜动物 - these creatures could colonize the drier land
能够以两栖动物无法做到的方式 - in a way that amphibians could not.
在干旱的土地上繁衍 - And from this one common ancestor,
从这一共同祖先开始 - all mammals, reptiles, birds,
所有哺乳动物、爬行动物、鸟类 - and dinosaurs would descend.
以及恐龙都将发展而来 - Sixty million years after the evolution of the amniotic egg,
进化出蛋之后6000万年 - amniotes have spread across Pangaea...
羊膜动物已遍布盘♥古♥大♥陆♥ - ...producing two new dynasties
形成两个新的王朝 - and the start of an endless rivalry.
无尽的竞争也由此开始 - These sleeping armored beasts are a primitive type of reptile.
这些沉睡着的身穿护甲的野兽 是一种原始的爬行动物 - Scutosaurus, among the largest animals on land.
盾甲龙是陆地上最大的动物之一 - Weighing over a ton,
重量超过一吨♥ - they are the first giant plant-eaters to roam the planet.
它们地球上最早的巨型食草动物 - Amniotic eggs allowed them to flourish in the drier conditions
蛋能使它们在干旱的环境下兴旺发展 - and go where others could not.
并前往其他动物去不了的地方 - But Pangaea didn't just belong to them.
但是盘♥古♥大♥陆♥并不只属于它们 - Another new bloodline had emerged.
另一条血脉出现了 - The ancestors of the mammals.
它们是哺乳动物的祖先 - While a Lystrosaurus is no match for a Scutosaur...
水龙兽虽然无法与盾甲龙相匹敌 - ...he has cousins here who are.
但它的亲戚可以 - A gorgonopsid.
丽齿兽 - A more impressive forerunner to the mammals.
它是哺乳动物更为显赫的前身 - At over three meters long and 300 kilos,
身长超过三米 体重超过300千克 - she rivals any big cat alive today.
它能与如今的任何大型猫科动物 一较高下 - With her powerful sense of smell,
它有强大的嗅觉 - tracking her prey is easy.
追踪猎物对它来说易如反掌 - Getting past their heavy armor
但是击穿对方的重甲 - will be her greatest challenge.
就没那么容易了 - But she has a secret weapon.
但它有一样秘密武器 - Saber-like teeth.
刀刃一般的牙齿 - Even so,
即便如此 - she'll need stealth to get close.
它仍需要悄无声息地靠近 - She must choose her moment...
它必须非常谨慎 - and her target
选好时机 - carefully.
选好目标 - Slowly
慢慢地 - and silently...
悄无声息地 - does it.
展开行动 - The rivalry between mammals and reptiles
哺乳动物与爬行动物的竞争 - has been a feature of life on Earth for hundreds of millions of years.
数亿年来 一直是地球生命的特点 - But their early rise was not to last,
但它们的早期崛起并不会持续太久 - because in the far north of Pangaea,
因为在盘♥古♥大♥陆♥遥远的北方 - something catastrophic was happening.
灾难正在发生 - Lying dormant for years on end, the colossal forces at work beneath Earth's surface
埋在地球表面之下多年的巨大力量 - are easily forgotten.
很容易被遗忘 - But the molten underworld
但这地下熔岩世界 - is always stirring,
总在不停搅动 - always probing for weakness.
寻找弱点 - Beneath Pangaea's crust,
在盘♥古♥大♥陆♥的地壳之下 - a plume of superheated magma
一股极热的岩浆 - was working its way to the surface.
正朝着地表前进 - Once these Permian eruptions started...
二叠纪的喷发一旦开始 - there was no stopping them.
就无法停止 - What made them unique was their monumental scale.
其特点是规模极大 - They were among the largest,
是生命见证过的 - most violent eruptions that life has ever witnessed.
最大、最猛烈的喷发之一 - And they raged for 100,000 years.
持续肆虐了10万年 - The devastation was unprecedented.
造成的破坏前所未见 - An area half the size of the United States
一个面♥积♥相当于半个美国的区域 - lost to lava.
被熔岩吞噬 - Millions of square kilometers,
数百万平方公里 - once so full of life,
曾经充满生命 - obliterated by the Earth itself.
却被地球自身所毁灭 - And that was just the beginning.
而这还只是刚刚开始 - The eruptions released something far more dangerous than lava.
喷发释放出比熔岩更危险的东西 - A toxic concoction of noxious gases.
一种有毒的混合气体 - When these gases combined with water...
当这些气体与水结合时 - a potent cocktail of acid rain poured down.
威力强大的酸雨倾泻而下 - Water, the giver of life,
水 - the giver of life,
生命的赐予者 - was now its destroyer.
如今却成了生命的毁灭者 - The toxic rain poisoned the ground...
毒雨毒害大地 - killing off the plants.
灭绝植物 - Without their roots to bind the soil together...
没有了根来固定土壤 - entire ecosystems were washed away.
整个生态系统被冲走 - And yet, there was something even more destructive in the air.
然而空气中 还有一种更具破坏性的东西 - A silent killer.
一位隐形杀手 - Carbon dioxide.
二氧化碳 - The volcanoes released
火山释放出的二氧化碳 - six times more CO2 than is in our atmosphere today...
比我们今天大气中的二氧化碳多六倍 - triggering ten degrees of global warming...
导致全球气温升高十度 - ...and all the climate devastation
各种气候灾难 - that comes with it.
随之而来 - Hothouse Earth raged as the forces of nature ran wild.
温室效应在大自然的力量下肆虐 - There was nowhere to hide from the chaos.
一片混乱 无处可藏 - And the oceans were worst affected.
海洋受到的影响最为严重 - As they warmed and acidified,
随着海洋变暖和酸化 - oxygen levels plummeted...
氧含量锐减 - turning the seas, where life first took hold,
最早孕育生命的海洋 - into a desolate graveyard.
变成了荒芜的坟场 - This was the planet's third,
这是地球上第三次 - and most devastating, mass extinction.
也是最具毁灭性的大规模灭绝事件 - Ninety percent of all species
90%的物种 - lost forever.
永远消失 - Entire branches torn off the evolutionary tree.
进化树的许多分支完全断裂 - But in the loss of many,
许多物种灭绝了 - endured the few.
但是少数物种幸存下来 - All that remained of a bygone age.
它们是一个过去时代的仅存硕果 - Never had their survival been so important.
其生存从未如此重要 - The future of all life
一切生命的未来 - now hung by a thread.
如今都悬于一线 - [The End]
[本集结束]
我们星球上的生命 第一季 第三集 Life on Our Planet S01E03 入侵大地
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