- 252 million years ago...
2.52亿年前 - and our planet is dying.
我们的星球正在死亡 - The biggest extinction event in history has left the world barren...
史上最大的灭绝事件令世界一片荒凉 - and deathly silent.
如死一般寂静 - But this is the story of the few...
但是本集将讲述少数… - ...that survived.
幸存者的故事 - The start of the Triassic Period...
三叠纪开始 - and the rivers of fire are gradually subsiding.
熔岩河逐渐平息 - In their wake,
因此 - cooling lava covers an area
冷却的熔岩覆盖了一片区域 - half the size of the United States...
有半个美国那么大 - ...in a crust up to three kilometers deep.
表层厚达三千米 - Volcanic gases have caused global temperatures to soar.
火山气体导致全球气温飙升 - Forests and reefs
森林和珊瑚礁 - have been annihilated.
被彻底毁灭 - Hundreds of millions of years of evolution,
数亿年的进化 - gone.
付之一炬 - Yet here,
然而 在这里 - hidden in the blackened landscape...
一片黑色之下 - lies opportunity.
隐藏着机遇 - For there is one particular life-form that thrives on dead organic matter.
因为有一种生物 依靠死亡的有机物兴旺发展 - Fungi.
真菌 - With the world an apocalyptic graveyard,
世界成了末日般的坟场 - fungi were in their element.
这是真菌的理想世界 - And for a few thousand years...
在几千年中 - these simple organisms
这些简单的生物 - became the dominant life-form on Earth.
成为了地球的主宰 - But not every survivor of the Permian extinction
但是二叠纪灭绝的幸存者 - relied on death for their success.
并非都依赖死亡而获得成功 - One lowly creature
有一种卑微的生物 - found itself perfectly placed to take over the world.
刚好处于占领世界的完美位置 - Lystrosaurus...
水龙兽 - ...an ancient ancestor of the mammal.
哺乳动物的古代祖先 - This curious, pig-sized creature
这种奇怪的猪一般大小的生物 - was used to burrowing underground
习惯于在地下挖洞 - and seeking refuge in caves,
在洞穴中寻找庇护 - a way of life that saved it
其他动物死去的时候 - when other animals were dying.
这种生活方式拯救了它 - Once hapless underdogs,
曾经不幸的弱者 - they are now one of the few lucky survivors of Armageddon.
如今成为巨灾中的少数幸存者之一 - With most vegetation destroyed by the extinction,
由于灭绝事件导致大部分植物毁灭 - finding food is hard.
因此寻找食物非常困难 - But Lystrosaurus are resilient
但是水龙兽坚韧不拔 - and able to forage over large areas.
而且能够在大♥片♥区域内觅食 - They're constantly on the move,
它们不断移♥动♥ - searching for roots, tubers, and small pockets of regrowth.
寻找根、块茎和小片复苏的植物 - But they weren't the only animal survivors.
但它们不是仅存的幸存动物 - Life in many forms
许多形式的生命 - found a way.
活了下来 - Lystrosaurus's simple but adaptable lifestyle
水龙兽简单但具有适应性的生活方式 - would reap astonishing rewards.
将带来惊人的回报 - Facing little competition and no large predators,
竞争很少 而且没有大型捕食者 - the volcanic eruptions turned it from a bottom-of-the-food-chain burrower...
火山喷发使它从食物链底端的挖洞者 - ...to the animal that inherited the Earth.
变为地球的动物继承者 - In the years following the mass extinction,
在大灭绝之后的岁月中 - they made up three-quarters of all vertebrate life on land,
它们占据了陆地脊椎动物的四分之三 - something no other animal has ever done.
这是其他动物从未做到过的 - But their dominance couldn't last,
但它们的统治无法持续 - for another survivor of the mass extinction
因为大灭绝中的另一个幸存者 - was on the ascent
正在崛起 - thanks to huge changes to the very structure of our planet.
这得益于地球结构的巨大变化 - For tens of millions of years,
数千万年来 - the Earth's continents had been converging,
地球的大♥陆♥一直在汇聚 - creating a vast ocean on one side of the world...
在世界的一边形成一片广阔的海洋 - and a single immense land mass on the other,
在另一边形成了一个巨大的陆地 - the supercontinent of Pangaea.
超级大♥陆♥“盘♥古♥大♥陆♥” - The drying that started in a previous era
前一个时代♥开♥始的干旱 - is now compounded by searing heat.
如今又迎来热浪 - Temperatures spike to 60 degrees Celsius.
温度攀升至60摄氏度 - Sandstorms scour the interior.
沙尘暴横扫内陆 - Dunes rise over a kilometer high...
沙丘升高至超过一千米 - gradually forming the largest and most hostile desert the planet has ever seen.
逐渐形成 地球史上最大、环境最恶劣的沙漠 - Yet on the margins of this barren and lifeless landscape,
然而在这片贫瘠而无生命的陆地边缘 - another group of survivors was on the rise.
又有一群幸存者在崛起 - And they still dominate our deserts today.
如今它们依然主宰着我们的沙漠 - This is the Atacama in South America.
这是南美洲的阿塔卡马沙漠 - It's been a desert here since the Triassic Period.
从三叠纪开始 这里就是一片沙漠 - Some parts have gone decades without a drop of rain,
有些地方数十年没下过一滴雨 - yet one type of animal thrives here.
然而有一种动物在这里蓬勃发展 - Lizards.
蜥蜴 - They're reptiles, supremely adapted to this dry environment.
它们是极为适应干旱环境的爬行动物 - They have tough, scaly skin
有坚韧的鳞片皮肤 - so they don't shrivel in the baking sun.
所以不会在烈日曝晒下干瘪 - Instead, the sun fuels them...
相反 太阳为它们提供能量 - heating their cold blood
将它们的冷血加热 - so they can reach racing speeds.
使其能够高速奔跑 - But even desert reptiles need to quench their thirst.
但即便是沙漠中的爬行动物 也需要解渴 - Water seeping up through the ground.
水从地下渗出 - Unfortunately, these water holes are almost as salty as the Dead Sea.
很不幸 这些水洞几乎和死海一样咸 - Drinking this would be a death sentence...
喝这些水等于给自己判处死刑 - so these lizards get their water from an unexpected source,
因此这些蜥蜴 从一个意想不到的地方获取水源 - an animal whose ancestors also survived Armageddon.
一种祖先也在大灭绝中幸存的动物 - Insects were hit hard in the mass extinction,
昆虫在大灭绝中遭受重创 - but some made it through.
但有一些幸存了下来 - Today, these brine flies are salt specialists,
如今 水蝇是处理咸水的专家 - desalinating the water,
将水淡化 - and in the process,
在这个过程中 - making themselves into perfect little water bottles for lizards.
将自己变成蜥蜴的完美小水瓶 - The challenge is catching them.
难点在于如何捕捉 - Finally.
终于吃到了 - But just when it thinks it's cracked it,
但就在它以为问题已经解决时 - trouble on the horizon.
麻烦出现了 - These prime fly-catching spots are in high demand...
理想的捕蝇地点很受欢迎 - ...and the locals do not like to share.
当地居民不喜欢分享 - A stalemate,
双方僵持不下 - but on another lizard's territory.
但这是在另一只蜥蜴的领地上 - The thirsty lizard seizes the moment...
饥渴的蜥蜴抓住机会 - making the most of their distraction...
充分利用对方忙于作战的良机 - no matter how brief.
不论多么短暂 - The ultimate desert dwellers,
蜥蜴是终极的沙漠居民 - lizards are tough and resilient,
坚韧不拔 - just like their ancient ancestors.
就像它们古老的祖先一样 - But back in the Triassic,
回到三叠纪 - it was much larger reptiles who would change the course of history.
即将改变历史进程的 是更大的爬行动物 - In the four million years since the Permian extinction...
二叠纪灭绝之后的400万年中 - ...Lystrosaurus have dominated.
水龙兽占据主导地位 - They emerged into an almost empty world
它们出现在 一个几乎空无一物的世界中 - and have been reaping the rewards.
尽情收割 - Life is good.
生命很美好 - But these mammal ancestors
但这些哺乳动物的祖先 - have had little competition or predators,
几乎没有竞争对手和捕食者 - until now.
直到这一刻的到来 - With the planet recovering,
随着地球的复苏 - some reptiles have grown to epic proportions.
一些爬行动物长得异常巨大 - This is an Erythrosuchid.
这是引鳄 - Nearly three meters long, it's the biggest predator of its time.
长近三米 是当时最大的捕食者 - Herds of Lystrosaurus are an easy target.
水龙兽群很容易受到攻击 - They have no defense against this new type of reptile...
面对这种新型爬行动物 它们毫无办法 - or even awareness of the threat it poses.
甚至无法意识到对方所带来的威胁 - Like a fox in a chicken coop,
就像狐狸进了鸡窝 - an Erythrosuchid can kill more than it needs.
引鳄可以肆意杀戮 - Lystrosaurus was the unwitting dodo of its age.
水龙兽成了那个时代的渡渡鸟 - A combination of predators and competition
捕食者和竞争者的到来 - saw Lystrosaurus go from total domination of the planet
使地球的主宰者水龙兽 - to extinction.
走向灭绝 - The mammals had lost their crown.
哺乳动物走下王座 - This...
这个时代 - ...was the age of reptiles.
属于爬行动物 - Today, there are more than 10,000 species of reptile...
如今有超过一万种爬行动物 - although they are not all as terrifying as their ancestors.
虽然它们并非都像祖先那般可怕 - As the Earth has changed...
随着地球的变化 - ...reptiles have had to adapt to an ever more crowded world.
爬行动物 不得不适应一个越来越拥挤的世界 - And the tough, scaly skin that allowed them to conquer the deserts of Pangaea,
使它们征服盘♥古♥大♥陆♥的坚韧鳞片皮肤 - continues to be the secret of their success.
仍然是它们成功的秘诀 - For some, their skin has allowed them to become masters of disguise.
对于有些动物来说 皮肤使它们成为伪装大♥师♥ - But skin can also be used to scare off an attacker.
但皮肤也可以用来吓退攻击者 - Even then, there are times when more drastic measures are called for.
即便如此 有时也需要更极端的措施 - It may have escaped the bird,
它也许逃过了鸟的追捕 - but lizards aren't known for their swimming prowess.
但蜥蜴并不以游泳技巧闻名 - Yet the anole lizard of Costa Rica has an extraordinary survival technique.
但是哥斯达黎加的安乐蜥蜴 有一项非凡的生存技巧 - As it exhales, it creates a bubble that sticks to its water-repellent skin...
当它呼气时 会产生一个气泡 附着在它防水的皮肤上 - forming its very own diving bell...
形成一个属于它自己的潜水钟 - and allowing it to stay hidden underwater
能够让它在水下隐藏 - for up to 15 minutes.
长达15分钟 - Today's reptiles are such experts at living in the margins,
今天的爬行动物如此擅长在边缘生存 - it's hard to imagine they once dominated our planet.
很难想象它们曾主宰我们的星球 - But there's a series of islands in Indonesia
但是在印度尼西亚有一系列岛屿 - that offer a glimpse into that very distant past.
我们能够一窥遥远的过去 - For here, lizards still rule.
因为在这里 蜥蜴仍是主宰 - Recently hatched and already curious...
刚孵化出来 已经充满好奇 - this youngster is starting life in a lizard paradise.
这个小家伙在蜥蜴天堂的生活 由此开始 - The only issue she has...
它所面临的唯一问题 - ...is her relatives.
是它的亲戚们 - For this is a baby Komodo dragon...
因为它是一只科摩多巨蜥幼崽 - and Komodos are cannibals...
而科摩多巨蜥会同类相食 - smelling the air with their forked tongue to find their prey.
用分叉的舌头嗅探空气 寻找猎物 - For the world's largest lizards...
对于这种世界上最大的蜥蜴来说 - baby dragons make perfect snacks.
幼崽是完美的零食 - Luckily for her,
它很幸运 - a nest of buried Komodo eggs
一窝科摩多巨蜥蛋 - offers an easier meal.
相比于它 是更容易获取的美食 - But it won't satisfy this monster for long.
但这不会让这只怪物满足太久 - It'll be seven or eight years of hiding in trees
它要在树上躲七、八年 - before she's big enough to stand up for herself.
才能长到足够强大 能够保护自己 - Too heavy to climb,
成年巨蜥太重 无法爬树 - the adult goes in search of something more accessible.
只能去寻找更容易攻击的目标 - A thick layer of mud can't disguise this animal's scent.
厚厚的泥浆掩盖不住它的气味 - Water buffalo are ever vigilant...
水牛时刻保持警惕 - wary of their reptilian overlords.
谨防爬行统治者来袭 - But buffalo calves are not as savvy as their parents.
但是小水牛就没有父母那么精明了 - The dragon has lost its kill,
巨蜥失去了猎物 - but only temporarily.
但这只是暂时的 - Venom from a gland in its jaw
下颚腺体分泌的毒液 - prevents the blood of its prey from clotting,
使猎物的血无法凝结 - leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure.
导致血压急剧下降 - The result is inevitable.
结果无法避免 - This is an echo of what life was like back in the Triassic.
这是三叠纪时期生活的历史回声 - Mammals must fight for their lives,
哺乳动物必须为生存而战 - while reptiles dominate with a confident swagger.
而爬行动物则以自信的姿态 统治着世界 - But perhaps the most remarkable chapter of that early era of reptile supremacy...
但爬行动物统治时代早期 最精彩的篇章 - was when some of them turned their back on the land
也许是其中一些动物放弃陆地 - and returned to the ocean.
回到海洋 - Turtles.
海龟 - Whether pushed here through competition
不论是因为竞争而被赶来这里 - or enticed by opportunity...
还是受到机遇的诱惑 - turtles went back to the seas their ancestors left,
海龟回到了祖先曾离开的大海 - and today inhabit all but the coldest oceans.
如今栖息在 除最冷的海洋之外的所有海洋中 - Yet once a year,
但是成年雌海龟 - adult females must still return to dry land to lay their eggs.
每年仍要返回干燥的陆地上产卵 - Here, on the edge of the Great Barrier Reef...
在大堡礁的边缘 - they come together in their thousands.
它们成千上万结伴而来 - Aggregations like this
数百万年来 - have been one of nature's greatest spectacles for millions of years.
这样的聚集 一直是自然界最壮丽的奇观之一 - There's a good reason for this gathering.
如此聚集是有原因的 - Safety in numbers.
龟多更安全 - Turtles first evolved back in the Triassic.
海龟最早是在三叠纪时期进化而来 - But by the time they'd conquered the seas, the ocean was home to deadly predators.
但当它们征服大海时 海洋已经成为致命捕食者的家园 - At eight meters long, this is a plesiosaur.
这只蛇颈龙身长八米 - It, too, is a reptile,
它也是爬行动物 - but one that spends its entire life at sea.
但一辈子在海中生活 - As the plesiosaur can only eat so much,
因为蛇颈龙食量有限 - gathering in huge numbers like this
这样的大规模聚集 - allows many more turtles to survive.
可以让更多海龟生存下来 - All that remains
剩下的工作 - is to haul themselves up onto the beach where they were born
就是要爬上它们出生的海滩 - and find the perfect spot to lay their eggs.
并找到完美的产蛋地点 - Almost two months later, and the females' efforts are rewarded.
将近两个月之后 雌海龟的努力得到回报 - Hatchlings.
孵化出的小海龟 - But each one now has its own gauntlet to run...
但现在每一只小海龟都要面对考验 - as they instinctively head towards the ocean.
它们本能地朝着海洋前进 - Pterosaurs.
翼龙 - Long before the existence of birds,
在鸟类出现之前很久 - this group of ancient reptiles made a huge evolutionary step.
这群古代爬行动物 就迈出了巨大的进化步伐 - They took to the wing...
它们展翅高飞 - ...and became masters of the air.
成为天空的主人 - Totally defenseless...
这些刚孵出的小海龟毫无防备 - this hatchling's only chance...
它们唯一的机会 - is to carry on...
就是继续前进 - ignoring the near misses,
无视逼近的危险 - and hoping that the pterosaurs will be spoiled for choice.
期待翼龙选择其他小海龟 - Every lucky escape...
每一次幸运的逃脱 - ...brings it closer to the water's edge.
都使它离海岸更近一步 - Yet even those that reach the oceans aren't safe.
但是到达海洋的小海龟也并不安全 - Only by getting to deeper water
只有进入更深的水域 - can it avoid the pterosaurs...
才能避开翼龙 - and escape into the blue.
逃入蓝色的海洋 - Reptiles once ruled the skies and the waves.
爬行动物曾统治天空和海洋 - But despite their supremacy,
但尽管它们优势如此 - Pterosaurs and plesiosaurs would both go extinct in time.
翼龙和蛇颈龙终将灭绝 - Yet one of the ruling reptiles from this era has survived.
然而统治这个时代的爬行动物中 有一种幸存了下来 - They're such perfect stealth hunters
它们是完美的隐形猎手 - that even after 200 million years...
以至于即便经过了两亿年 - little has bettered them.
仍很少被超越 - Oblivious to the danger...
角马来到这里解渴 - ...wildebeest come to quench their thirst.
对危险毫无知觉 - Almost.
就差一点 - But it doesn't matter.
但是没关系 - The Nile crocodile knows the wildebeest will return...
这只尼罗鳄知道角马♥会♥回来 - just as they always have.
它们总会回来 - To avoid detection, the crocodile silently submerges...
为避免被发现 鳄鱼悄无声息地潜入水中 - holding its breath
屏住呼吸 - for up to an hour.
长达一小时 - Crocodiles can slow their heart rate to just two beats a minute...
鳄鱼能够将心跳降至每分钟两次 - almost completely shutting down...
接近完全停跳 - in a way the reptiles perfected millions of years ago.
爬行动物在数百万年前 将这种方法予以完善 - Yet in the moment it launches its attack...
它瞬间发动进攻 - it goes from inertia...
从静止状态 - to explosive energy
到能量爆发 - in just a fraction of a second...
仅在毫秒之间 - generating enough speed and power...
产生的速度和力量 - to launch its five-meter-long body...
足够将其五米长的身体 - out of the water...
从水中弹出 - all on an empty stomach...
只因腹中饥饿 - and a single breath.
一气呵成 - It's a technique as successful for crocodiles now
这是一种成功的技巧 对于如今的鳄鱼是如此 - as it was for their prehistoric ancestors.
对于其史前祖先也是如此 - Today's crocodiles dominate the waters they live in...
今天的鳄鱼主宰着其生活的水域 - but they are not the widespread predators they once were.
但它们已不再是 从前那个分布广泛的捕食者 - For back in the Triassic,
因为在三叠纪 - the forces of nature would send the story of life in a completely new direction.
自然的力量 会将生命的故事带向一个全新的方向 - Sustained volcanic eruptions caused another period of global warming.
持续的火山喷发引起又一轮全球变暖 - As sea temperatures rose, they supercharged oceanic evaporation.
随着海洋温度的升高 海洋蒸发大大加强 - In northern Pangaea, moisture-laden winds hit a 3,000-meter-high ridge...
在盘♥古♥大♥陆♥北部 潮湿的风遇上3000米高的山脊 - creating megamonsoonal weather systems.
形成超级季风天气系统 - And it started to rain...
开始下雨 - on a biblical scale.
规模极大 - Across the planet, storms raged.
全球范围内 暴风雨肆虐 - The downpours lasted more than a million years...
倾盆大雨持续了超过100万年 - turning the dry deserts of early Pangaea into a distant memory.
将早期盘♥古♥大♥陆♥的干燥沙漠 变为遥远的记忆 - In the far north, torrents flowed from high in the mountains.
在遥远的北方 山脉中的急流从高处奔流而下 - Surface water rewrote the landscape...
地表的水重画地貌 - carrying with it nutrient-rich silt.
带来富含营养的泥沙 - The waterways soon covered more than 1.6 million square kilometers...
水道很快覆盖超过160万平方公里 - an area the size of Alaska,
相当于阿♥拉♥斯加州的面♥积♥ - creating the largest delta in Earth's history.
创造出地球历史上最大的三角洲 - These fertile waterways became the lifeblood of a new world...
这些肥沃的水道成为新世界的命脉 - the fuel for evolution.
进化的源泉 - Conifers rose to the fore.
针叶树崛起 - And for the first time since the Permian extinction...
自从二叠纪灭绝以来 - our planet returned to a forested land of giants.
我们的星球 第一次变回巨型生物的森林地 - Many ancient reptiles failed to adapt to this new landscape.
许多古代爬行动物 未能适应这片新的土地 - But one group embraced this change in plant life...
但有一群生物 拥抱了这种植物生态的变化 - and would soon rise to take over the world.
并将很快崛起 接管整个世界 - The youngsters start life much like other reptiles.
幼崽开始生活 与其他爬行动物非常相似 - They hatch from eggs...
它们从蛋中孵出 - they have scaly skin...
有鳞状皮肤 - and they are left to fend for themselves...
自从出生的那一刻 - ...from the moment they enter the world.
就要自己保护自己 - But there are differences.
但确有不同之处 - They have a much more efficient breathing system
它们拥有一种更高效的呼吸系统 - that continuously pumps blood across their lungs...
能够持续将血液送至肺部 - allowing them to run without having to stop to catch their breath.
使其在奔跑时无需停下来呼吸 - Their legs extend beneath their body rather than to the side
它们的腿长在身体下方而非侧面 - so they can walk upright.
所以可以直立前行 - This allows tiny hatchlings to grow
这使小小的幼崽能够长大 - into adults that are 50 times their size.
成为体重是自己50倍的成年动物 - They're part of the reptile family tree,
它们是爬行动物家族树的一部分 - but are their own unique branch.
但自成一个独特的分支 - Early giants, like Plateosaurus,
早期的巨兽 比如板龙 - can reach the new taller food sources.
可以够到新的更高的食物来源 - Their stomachs can digest the tough conifer needles...
它们的胃可以消化坚硬的针叶 - and their sheer volume
巨大的身形 - helps them maintain a higher body temperature day and night.
帮助它们在白天和黑夜 维持更高的体温 - It's a winning formula
这是一个成功方程式 - that will herald a new age.
预示着一个新时代的到来 - The Jurassic.
侏罗纪 - This new dynasty would rule for more than 150 million years.
这个新王朝将统治超过1.5亿年 - A reign
在这个王朝 - that would see the rise of some of the most iconic creatures to ever walk the Earth.
将看到 一些有史以来最具标志性的生物 - Welcome to the age of dinosaurs.
欢迎来到恐龙时代 - [The End]
[本集结束]
我们星球上的生命 第一季 第四集 Life on Our Planet S01E04 冷血动物
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