- Since life first emerged on planet Earth,
自从生命首次在地球上出现 - it has never stopped evolving...
就从未停止演化 - driven by an ever-changing world...
不断变化的世界 - and by intense competition.
以及激烈的竞争驱使着它 - But there was one remarkable era
但有一个令人瞩目的时代 - when evolution went into overdrive...
进化进入爆发状态 - giving us many of the animals we still have today...
为我们带来许多今天仍然存在的动物 - and the iconic giants
以及曾经统治这些动物的… - that once ruled over them.
标志性巨兽 - This is the story of the age of dinosaurs.
本集讲述恐龙时代的故事 - It's the dawn of the Jurassic period.
侏罗纪时代初期 - Pangaea, the supercontinent that witnessed the age of reptiles,
见证了爬行动物时代到来的超级大♥陆♥ “盘♥古♥大♥陆♥” - is slowly tearing itself apart.
正在慢慢分♥裂♥ - Shifting tectonic plates...
漂移的板块构造 - force rivers of magma to the surface...
将岩浆推向地表 - beginning the total transformation of the planet.
开始全面改造地球 - Over millions of years,
在数百万年的过程中 - a molten fissure slices the giant landmass in two.
一条熔岩裂缝将这片巨大的陆地 分成两半 - Water fills the rift between the newly formed continents.
水填满了新生大♥陆♥之间的裂口 - As they grow further and further apart,
随着大♥陆♥继续互相远离 - brand-new environments are created...
崭新的环境被创造出来 - causing the extinction of many...
导致许多物种灭绝 - but turbocharging evolution for the survivors...
但也加速了幸存者的进化 - and one group of animals in particular.
对于一群动物 尤为如此 - Deep in the towering forests of Jurassic North America...
在侏罗纪时期北美的茂密森林深处 - ...the biggest animals to ever walk the Earth are on the rise.
地球上有史以来最大的动物正在崛起 - Dinosaurs.
恐龙 - In the breakup of Pangaea,
盘♥古♥大♥陆♥瓦解 - they've found themselves in a world of plenty.
它们进入了一个丰饶的世界 - Some, like Diplodocus, have grown to become 25 meters long.
有一些恐龙 比如梁龙 长到25米长 - But even at their size,
即便体型如此庞大 - they can never let down their guard...
也绝不能放松戒备 - ...for they aren't the only giants of the Jurassic.
因为它们不是侏罗纪时代唯一的巨兽 - Allosaurus.
异特龙 - Nearly nine meters long...
将近九米长 - it's one of the largest predators on land in these early days of the dinosaurs' reign.
是恐龙统治时代早期 最大的陆上捕食者之一 - It probes for opportunity.
它在寻找时机 - But it's not the adults it's after.
但它的目标不是成年梁龙 - This Allosaurus is looking for much easier prey.
这只异特龙在寻找更容易对付的猎物 - A baby Diplodocus.
一只小梁龙 - Hatched from an egg no bigger than a grapefruit,
它从一个比柚子还小的蛋里孵出 - she's too small to live among the herd where she might be trampled.
个子太小 无法在龙群中生活 否则可能被踩到 - Instead, she must fend for herself.
所以它必须自己保护自己 - The Allosaurus will make quick work of the baby...
异特龙会迅速解决这只幼龙 - if it can find her.
但前提是能找到它 - The youngster's best hope...
幼龙最佳的应对方式 - is to stay as still as possible.
是尽可能保持静止 - The Allosaurus has keen senses...
异特龙有敏锐的感官 - ...but the storm is masking any clues to the baby's location.
但是暴风雨掩盖了幼龙的线索 - A very close call...
好险 - and not just for one young Diplodocus.
幼小的梁龙都面临这种危险 - To boost their chances of survival,
为了增加生存几率 - these youngsters must eat as much as they can as fast as possible...
这些幼龙必须 尽可能能快地吃下尽可能多的食物 - ...so they can grow into giant-sized adults.
以便能够成长为体型庞大的成年恐龙 - But just as these huge dinosaurs were devouring the plants around them,
但就在这些巨大的恐龙 吞食周围的植物时 - the plants themselves were changing...
植物本身也在改变 - ...in ways that would revolutionize life on Earth.
这样的改变将为地球上的生物 带来革命性的变化 - Once upon a time, plants relied solely on wind or water to spread their pollen...
过去植物仅依靠风或水来传播花粉 - but in the age of dinosaurs,
但在恐龙时代 - an innovation in plant reproduction arose...
植物繁殖出现创新 - that is still very much with us today.
这种创新今天仍然存在 - The flower.
花 - At 40 centimeters across,
直径40厘米 - this one belongs to a giant water lily in South America's Amazon rainforest...
这朵花属于 南美洲亚马逊雨林中的巨型睡莲 - and its sole purpose is to attract an animal to pollinate it.
它唯一的目的是吸引动物进行授粉 - As evening approaches, the flower produces a powerful pineapple-like scent...
随着夜幕降临 花散发出强烈的菠萝般香味 - irresistible to this beetle.
令这只甲虫无法抗拒 - Much like his ancient ancestors,
与它古代的祖先一样 - the bewitched beetle can't help but be enticed inside.
这只被迷惑的甲虫 不由自主地被诱惑到花中 - He squeezes through the outer petals,
它从外层花瓣挤入 - into the heart of the flower,
来到花的中心 - where paradise awaits.
这里是天堂 - Inside, it's a balmy ten degrees warmer than the surrounding night air.
花的内部比夜间周围的空气温暖10度 - Here, it happily feasts on the flower's succulent flesh.
在这里 它愉快地享用鲜美多汁的花肉 - But the beetle also offers something in return.
但是甲虫也会回报一样东西 - Pollen picked up from another giant water lily.
另一株巨型睡莲上的花粉 - As it feeds, the pollen rubs off onto the flower's reproductive parts.
当它进食时 花粉会粘在花的生殖器上 - When dawn arrives,
黎明到来时 - the flower closes...
花会闭合 - enveloping the beetle in its velvety petals...
将甲虫包裹在柔软的花瓣中 - and covering it in its own sticky pollen.
并将自己有粘性的花粉盖在甲虫身上 - At dusk, the flower opens once more.
黄昏时分 花再次张开 - Having served its purpose in helping the plant to reproduce,
帮助植物繁殖的目的达成之后 - it changes color and loses its alluring scent...
花改变颜色并失去诱人的香味 - allowing the beetle, now covered in this flower's pollen, to fly off
使覆盖着花粉的甲虫能够飞走 - and unwittingly pollinate another giant water lily.
并在无意中向另一株巨型睡莲授粉 - But the relationship between flowers and their beetle pollinators
但花与甲虫传粉者之间的关系 - was just the beginning.
只是一个开始 - Other insects in the dinosaur era soon got in on the action...
恐龙时代的其它昆虫 也很快加入这一行动 - taking pollen from flower to flower...
传播花粉 - in return for their sweet liquid nectar.
作为回报 它们得到了甜美的花蜜 - By 130 million years ago...
到了1.3亿年前 - flowers were becoming more vivid,
花变得更加鲜艳 - vibrant,
生机勃勃 - and varied,
多种多样 - as they competed to attract the very best pollinators.
因为它们争相吸引最杰出的传粉者 - As they spread...
随着它们的传播 - ...the land turned from an endless green...
大地从一片无尽的绿色 - to a kaleidoscope of different colors.
变成五彩斑斓 - Today, there are ten times more flowering plants
如今 开花植物的数量 - than all other plant species combined.
比其它所有植物物种的总和多十倍 - However, as the world blossomed,
然而 随着世界的绽放 - other creatures began to exploit the relationship between flower and insect...
其它生物开始利用 花与昆虫之间的关系 - ...spawning a surge
结果就是 - in the variety of predator and prey.
捕食者与猎物种类激增 - Spiders had been around for over 100 million years...
当时蜘蛛已经存在超过一亿年 - but now started spinning their silk into complex webs...
但现在才开始 将蛛丝织成复杂的蜘蛛网 - taking advantage of this new wave of life.
利用新的生命浪潮 - By the middle of the dinosaurs' reign...
在恐龙统治的中期 - there was such an explosion in biodiversity...
生物多样性出现爆♥炸♥式增长 - fueled by the arrival of flowering plants...
这得益于开花植物的出现 - that, for the very first time in Earth's history,
以至于陆地上的物种数量超过海洋 - there were more species on land than in the oceans.
这在地球历史上是第一次 - But it wasn't just the smaller creatures that were changing
但发生巨变的 - in new and radical ways.
不仅有较小的生物 - This is Deinonychus.
这是恐爪龙 - Despite its endearing appearance,
虽然外表可爱 - it's a dinosaur.
但它是恐龙 - A baby dinosaur.
幼龙 - "Deinonychus" translates as "terrible claw."
恐爪龙 顾名思义爪子很恐怖 - But that's not his only strength.
但这不是它唯一的优势 - He's also got keen vision
它还有敏锐的视觉 - and excellent hearing.
和出色的听觉 - But his most eye-catching adaptation is his feathers.
但它最引人注目的适应性是它的羽毛 - Simple feather-like structures first appeared back in the Triassic.
简单的类似羽毛的结构 最早出现在三叠纪 - Not for flight but for warmth.
不是用于飞行 而是为了保暖 - Being able to stay warm
能够保持温暖 - means this branch of dinosaurs, the theropods,
意味着恐龙的这个分支兽脚 - can be active day and night...
可以在白天和夜间活动 - giving them more time to raise their young as part of a family.
这让它们有更多时间 来照顾作为家庭成员的幼崽 - Living in a group has other advantages too,
一起生活还有其它优势 - especially when it's time to find food.
尤其是在寻找食物时 - For Deinonychus is a pack hunter.
恐爪龙是群攻猎手 - And a clever one at that.
而且在这方面很聪明 - Their prey, Arkansaurus, is also a dinosaur...
它们的猎物阿肯色龙也是一种恐龙 - but it leads a very different, mainly plant-eating life.
但过着 非常不同的、以植物为主食的生活 - What they both share, however is speed.
但两者的速度都很快 - Catching up with their prey is one thing.
追上猎物是一回事 - Bringing it down...
将猎物拿下 - ...another.
是另一回事 - Working together,
它们进行协作 - they take turns to tire it out.
轮流消耗猎物的体力 - Their terrible claws bring a swift end to the exhausted Arkansaurus.
它们恐怖的爪子 迅速了结了这只筋疲力尽的阿肯色龙 - As dinosaurs diversified,
随着恐龙的多样化 - many became increasingly social.
许多恐龙变得越发具有社会性 - But even they couldn't compare with the greatest social animals of their age,
但即使是它们也无法 与当时最伟大的社会性动物相比 - animals that were evolving just beneath their feet.
这些动物正在它们脚下进化 - Today, in West Africa,
如今 在西非 - we can still find the descendants of those early supersocializers.
我们仍然可以找到 早期超级社会性动物的后代 - Termites.
白蚁 - One immense family of siblings
一个庞大的兄弟姐妹大家庭 - five million strong...
超过500万只 - all working tirelessly for the colony
为了蚁群和它们的母亲蚁后 - and their mother, the queen.
都在不知疲倦地工作着 - Social insects like termites
像白蚁这样的社会性昆虫 - first appeared in the age of dinosaurs...
最早出现在恐龙时代 - recycling the new vegetation...
它们回收利用新的植被 - while also being the prime food source of their enemies.
同时也是敌人的主要食物来源 - A scout has followed their scent.
一名侦查员跟踪敌人的气味 - Armed with the news of her discovery,
它带着新发现的消息 - she races back to her nest.
飞奔回巢穴 - She's a member of another ancient group of social insects...
它是另一个 古代社会性昆虫群体的成员 - the ants.
蚂蚁 - Competition between these rival species
这些对手物种之间的竞争 - has been raging for millions of years...
已经持续了数百万年 - in a remarkable evolutionary arms race.
这是一场精彩的进化军备竞赛 - Back at her nest, the scout summons an army of her own.
侦察兵从巢穴召集了一支军队 - These are predatory Megaponera ants.
这些是掠食性的马塔贝勒蚁 - Like a well-drilled Roman legion...
就像一个训练有素的罗马军团 - a thousand soldiers march to war.
一千士兵向战场进军 - When close to the termite workers,
当靠近白蚁工蚁时 - the scout gives a signal...
侦查员发出信♥号♥♥ - and the column starts to fan out,
列队开始展开 - becoming a wave poised to break.
形成一个即将爆发的巨浪 - Now, at full force,
现在侦查员下达最后命令 - the scout gives one final order.
全军全力以赴… - Charge.
冲锋 - The termites are not defenseless.
白蚁并非毫无防备 - They've evolved a separate caste of armed soldiers who protect the workers.
它们进化出了 一个武装士兵群体来保护工蚁 - Catching an ant, they quickly dismember it.
它们抓住一只蚂蚁 很快将其分解 - But these ants have their own specialist weapons.
但这些蚂蚁也有自己的专用兵器 - They thrust their venomous stings at their ancient rivals' only weak spot.
它们将毒刺 刺向它们古老对手的唯一弱点 - Right between the jaws.
两颌之间 - The casualties in this age-old battle rapidly mount up.
这场古老战斗的伤亡迅速增加 - But the marauding ants overwhelm the termites.
但是凶狠的蚂蚁打垮了白蚁 - The victors gather up the vanquished
胜者将败者收集起来 - and carry them back to the nest
带回巢穴 - to feed the rest of the colony.
供给蚁群其它成员享用 - Underground, the ants display the pinnacle of their evolutionary achievements
在地下 蚂蚁展示出它们进化成就的巅峰 - as they tend to their injured comrades.
它们会照顾受伤的同伴 - Many have lost limbs.
许多蚂蚁失去肢体 - But the workers lick the wounds of the injured,
但是工蚁会用自己的唾液 舔舐伤者的伤口 - using antibiotics carried in their saliva to help them heal.
使用其中含有的抗生素 来帮助它们痊愈 - Without this, most would die.
否则多数都会死亡 - But thanks to the treatment,
但是由于这样的治疗 - they're able to march back out to war within 24 hours,
它们能够在24小时内再次投入战斗 - even with missing limbs.
即便失去肢体也不在话下 - This is the only example of animals,
使用药物来挽救其他个体的生命 - other than humans,
除了人类之外 - using medicine to save another's life.
动物界只此一家 - By working together,
通过合作 - social animals like ants and termites
像蚂蚁和白蚁这样的社会性动物 - flourished under the dinosaurs.
在恐龙的统治下茁壮发展 - But the ground beneath all their feet was still on the move,
但它们脚下的土地仍在移♥动♥ - causing seismic change.
引发巨变 - Ninety million years ago,
9000万年前 - and Earth's shifting tectonic plates continued to reshape the planet.
地球板块漂移继续重塑地球 - As the fragments of Pangaea spread out...
随着盘♥古♥大♥陆♥碎片散开 - upwellings of magma began to lift the seafloor...
岩浆喷发开始抬高海床 - raising global sea levels.
导致全球海平面升高 - This flooded the land...
淹没了陆地 - ...creating numerous shallow seas...
创造出大量浅海 - and multiple island continents,
以及多个大♥陆♥ - each with their own climate and character.
各有其气候及特点 - Isolated on their respective landmasses,
被孤立在各自大♥陆♥上的恐龙 - dinosaurs thrived like never before.
得到了前所未有的兴旺发展 - Alongside the long-necked giant sauropods and the feathered theropods...
除了长颈的巨型蜥脚和有羽毛的兽脚 - ...another group of dinosaurs were also finding success.
还有一群恐龙也取得了成功 - The ornithischians.
鸟臀 - Just like Diplodocus, they were mostly herbivores...
与梁龙相似 它们也以食草为主 - ...but they had evolved jaws that could chew.
但它们已经进化出能够咀嚼的颌部 - Combined with the surge in plant life,
再加上植物的激增 - this saw ornithischians, like Maiasaura,
导致慈母龙这样的鸟臀 - form some of the largest herds the Earth had ever seen.
形成了地球史上最大的兽群 - Across the world, dinosaurs now dominated
现在恐龙在全球各地 - every land habitat the changing planet had to offer.
主宰每一片陆地栖息地 - But at the same time...
但是与此同时 - ...our own dynasty, the first true mammals,
我们自己的王朝 第一批真正的哺乳动物 - were also making the most of the new abundance.
也在充分利用新的丰富资源 - In the shadows of the giants,
在巨兽的阴影下 - these small creatures were limited to a life in the margins.
这些小生物局限在边缘生活 - But they, too, were becoming increasingly sophisticated, social,
但它们也变得越来越复杂 有社会性 - and able to take care of their young.
并且能够照顾幼崽 - Today, in the forests of Southwest Australia,
如今在澳大利亚西南部的森林中 - it's possible to get a glimpse
依然可以一窥 - of what life may have been like for some of those ancient mammals.
古代哺乳动物可能的生活形态 - This is a numbat,
这是一只袋食蚁兽 - an endangered marsupial
一种濒危的有袋动物 - thought to number only 3,000 in the wild.
据估在野外只有3000只 - Like some of her prehistoric ancestors,
就像它的一些史前祖先一样 - she, too, survives on a diet of tasty termites.
它也以美味的白蚁为食 - Using her long, sticky tongue,
用长长的粘性舌头 - she scoops them up with relish.
愉快地将白蚁挖起 - And the more, the merrier...
越多越好 - for back at the den...
因为在巢穴里 - a handful of pups await her return.
许多幼崽在等待它的归来 - Crucial to the success of mammals
哺乳动物成功的关键是 - was the evolution of parental care.
父母照护的进化 - Giving birth to live young
生下活的幼崽 - and nourishing them on their mother's milk
用母亲的乳汁滋养幼崽 - until they reach independence.
直到其独♥立♥ - But for these nervous little youngsters...
但对于这些紧张的幼崽们来说 - that might take a while.
这可能需要一段时间 - Most early mammals didn't have armor or size to protect them...
多数早期哺乳动物 没有护甲来保护它们 - yet just like in today's forests...
但就像今天的森林中一样 - danger was never far away.
危险永远不会离得太远 - The discarded skin of their ancient adversary.
它们古老对手的蜕皮 - The snake.
蛇 - Snakes evolved around the same time as the first true mammals.
蛇的进化时间 与第一批真正的哺乳动物大致相同 - They lost the arms and legs of their reptilian ancestors
它们失去了爬行动物祖先的四肢 - and developed a streamlined body...
并发展出流线型身体 - making them perfectly adapted to hunting in burrows
使它们完全适应了在洞穴中捕猎 - and silently pursuing their prey through the undergrowth.
以及悄无声息地 在下层灌木丛中追捕猎物 - But young mammals aren't entirely helpless.
但是哺乳动物幼崽并非完全无助 - They have their mothers to look after them.
它们有母亲来照顾自己 - She spots the danger...
它发现危险 - ...and raises the alarm.
提高警惕 - But the snake is headed straight for her youngster.
但是蛇直扑幼崽 - Thanks to parental care,
多亏有父母的招呼 - in this instance, the mammals win out.
这次哺乳动物胜出 - But reptiles have patience.
但是爬行动物有耐心 - They've been playing this game since the dawn of the dinosaurs.
它们从恐龙时代初期 就开始玩这个游戏 - And as mammals prospered,
随着哺乳动物的繁荣发展 - so too did the snakes that fed on them.
以之为食的蛇也兴盛起来 - Today, there are more than 3,000 species of snake.
如今世界上有超过3000种蛇 - With their sinuous bodies...
凭借其蜿蜒的身体 - packed with muscle...
发达的肌肉 - they've evolved to exploit almost every habitat on Earth.
它们进化出了 适应地球上几乎每一个栖息地的能力 - Even the oceans.
甚至包括海洋 - Like many reptiles,
与许多爬行动物一样 - their skin can offer perfect camouflage.
它们的皮肤可以提供完美的伪装 - When paired with venom,
再配上毒液 - the effect can be deadly.
效果致命 - But mammals have acquired some extraordinary defenses...
但是哺乳动物与蛇的军备竞赛 已经开展超过一亿年 - having been locked in an arms race with snakes
在这个过程中 - for more than a hundred million years.
哺乳动物获得了非凡的防御能力 - The sidewinder snake.
侧进蛇 - It will wait for hours at a time for signs of passing heat.
它会等待经过的热痕迹 一等就是几个小时 - Heat that comes from small warm-blooded mammals.
来自小型温血哺乳动物身上的热痕迹 - But kangaroo rats are not your average rodent.
但是更格卢鼠可不是普通的啮齿动物 - They've developed a unique skill
它们发展出一项独特技能 - befitting of their name.
与其名称非常相称 - The cold-blooded sidewinder bides its time.
冷血的侧进蛇耐心地等待 - It can go weeks without eating...
它可以几周不进食 - just waiting to strike.
只在等待出击 - Split-second reactions...
瞬间的反应 - versus incredible patience.
对上无比的耐心 - These are the extremes that can evolve
这些都是在永恒的生死博弈中 - in the eternal game of life and death.
进化出的极端情况 - After 150 million years of dinosaur rule,
经过1.5亿年的恐龙统治 - the continents had shifted almost to where they are today.
各大♥陆♥几乎漂移到了今天所在的位置 - Along the way, they had created so many new environments
在此过程中 创造出许多新的环境 - that the dinosaurs had become more successful than ever before.
以至于恐龙取得了前所未有的成功 - Beneath their feet
在它们脚下 - lived all the major animal groups that we recognize now.
生活着 我们现在所认识的所有主要动物群 - Dynasties from throughout the ages.
有亿万年中坚持下来的王者 - Survivors from another era.
有来自另一个时代的生存者 - Along with those that had more recently come to the fore.
也有最近才崭露头角的角色 - But all of them forced to the margins by the dominance of the dinosaurs
但所有这些动物 都被统治者恐龙逼到边缘 - and the one iconic animal that ruled over them all.
尤其是那个统治一切的标志性动物 - Thirteen meters long,
长13米 - weighing nine tons...
重9吨♥ - ...it's no wonder that the most famous predator in the history of life on our planet
难怪地球史上最著名的捕食者 - is Tyrannosaurus rex.
是霸王龙 - But he's not alone.
但它并不孤单 - Another T. rex.
又一只霸王龙 - The two size each other up.
两只霸王龙互相打量着对方 - Tyrannosaurs will often fight for territory...
霸王龙经常会为领地而战 - and are not above cannibalism.
并且不会拒绝同类相食 - But there's something else on this male's mind...
但这只雄龙还有其它念头 - ...for he has found a female.
因为它面对的是一只雌龙 - And that means showing off his best moves to win her over.
这意味着要展示出自己最出色的本领 以赢得雌龙的青睐 - But misjudge the approach,
但如果判断错误 - and this date could be over in seconds.
这场约会就会瞬间结束 - His mesmerizing movement
它迷人的动作 - and deep romping calls
和深沉的低吼 - seem to be eliciting the right response.
似乎得到了良好的回应 - And she mirrors his courtship dance.
对方模仿起了它的求爱舞蹈 - But the ultimate sign of trust is exposing his neck.
但最终的信任标志 是暴露出自己的脖子 - Rising together,
双方一起抬起脖子 - they cement their bond.
确定了关系 - For 150 million years,
1.5亿年间 - dinosaurs ruled the planet.
恐龙统治着地球 - Who knows what new heights
如果它们继续统治下去 - they might have reached if their reign had continued.
能达到何种新的高度 谁都不知道 - But in the story of life...
但在生命的故事中 - ...nothing lasts forever.
一切都不是永恒的 - [The End]
[本集结束]
我们星球上的生命 第一季 第五集 Life on Our Planet S01E05 巨兽阴影下
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